Overview
ASTM D211-67(2023), Standard Specification for Chrome Yellow and Chrome Orange Pigments, sets out the requirements for six types of chemically precipitated lead chromate pigments widely used in industries such as coatings, plastics, and printing. This international standard specifies composition, physical properties, performance criteria, and test methods for these pigments, enabling consistency and quality in manufacturing and application. Developed by ASTM International, this standard supports safe and effective sourcing and use of chrome yellow and chrome orange pigments globally.
Key Topics
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Types of Lead Chromate Pigments:
The standard covers six pigment types:
- Primrose Chrome Yellow (Type I)
- Lemon Chrome Yellow (Type II)
- Medium Chrome Yellow (Type III)
- Light Chrome Orange (Type IV)
- Dark Chrome Orange (Type V)
- Chrome Yellow for Green (Type VI)
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Pigment Composition Requirements:
Each pigment must contain a specified minimum percentage of lead chromate, have low water solubility, minimal moisture and volatile content, and be free from organic colors and lakes. The pigments must also have fine particle sizes to ensure optimal dispersion and appearance.
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Performance and Testing Criteria:
The specification mandates testing for:
- Chemical analysis of lead chromate content
- Coarse particle content
- Mass color and tinting strength
- Resistance to loss of gloss, chalking, and color change under exposure
- Fineness of grind and uniform application properties
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Quality and Safety Considerations:
Users are responsible for establishing appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices. The standard includes guidance but does not address all regulatory requirements.
Applications
ASTM D211-67(2023) is essential for organizations that manufacture, specify, or use chrome yellow and chrome orange pigments in a variety of sectors:
- Coatings and Paints: Ensures consistent color tone, opacity, durability, and gloss in industrial and decorative paints.
- Plastics Industry: Facilitates uniform coloration in plastic products, maintaining stability and colorfastness.
- Printing Inks: Guarantees predictable tinting strength and color properties for batch-to-batch consistency.
- Quality Control: Supports pigment manufacturers and end-users in verifying compliance, addressing procurement specifications, and resolving disputes.
This standard guides procurement, formulation, and quality assessment of these pigments, promoting product reliability and regulatory compliance in global markets.
Related Standards
To support implementation and ensure compatibility with other processes, ASTM D211-67(2023) references several related ASTM and federal standards, including:
- ASTM D126 - Test Methods for Analysis of Yellow, Orange, and Green Pigments Containing Lead Chromate and Chromium Oxide Green
- ASTM D185 - Test Methods for Coarse Particles in Pigments
- ASTM D387 - Test Method for Color and Strength of Chromatic Pigments with a Mechanical Muller
- ASTM D523 - Test Method for Specular Gloss
- ASTM D1210 - Test Method for Fineness of Dispersion of Pigment-Vehicle Systems by Hegman-Type Gage
- ASTM D562 - Test Method for Consistency of Paints Measuring Krebs Unit (KU) Viscosity
- ASTM D822 - Practice for Filtered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Exposures of Paint and Related Coatings
- Federal Specification TT-R-266 - Resin, Alkyd; Solutions
Practical Value
Adherence to ASTM D211-67(2023) helps manufacturers, buyers, and quality control professionals achieve:
- Reliable color matching and performance
- Standardized pigment formulation
- Enhanced product quality and durability
- Efficient quality assurance and regulatory compliance
By following the guidance and requirements of this standard, stakeholders in the pigments, coatings, plastics, and printing industries can consistently deliver high-quality chrome yellow and chrome orange pigments that meet global expectations for safety and efficacy.
Keywords: chrome yellow pigment, chrome orange pigment, lead chromate, ASTM D211, pigment specification, pigment testing, yellow pigments, orange pigments.