ASTM D388-23 PDF
Standard Classification of Coals by Rank
Standard Classification of Coals by Rank
- Статус документа:
- Действующий
- Формат:
- Электронный (PDF)
- Количество страниц:
- 8
- Дата публикации:
- 15 мая 2023 г.
- Издание:
- D388
- ICS:
- 75.160.10
ABSTRACT This specification covers the classification of coals by rank, that is, according to their degree of metamorphism, or progressive alteration, in the natural series from lignite to anthracite. These coals are mainly composed of vitrinite. The classification shall be based on gradational properties that depend on the degree of metamorphism. The classification shall also be according to fixed carbon and gross calorific value calculated to the mineral-matter-free basis. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 4.1 This classification establishes categories of coal based on gradational properties that depend principally on the degree of metamorphism to which the coal was subjected while buried. These categories indicate ranges of physical and chemical characteristics that are useful in making broad estimates of the behavior of coal in mining, preparation, and use. SCOPE 1.1 This standard covers the classification of coals by rank, that is, according to their degree of metamorphism, or progressive alteration, in the natural series from lignite to anthracite. 1.2 This classification is applicable to coals that are composed mainly of vitrinite. Note 1: Coals rich in inertinite or liptinite (exinite), or both, cannot be properly classified because, in those macerals, the properties that determine rank (calorific value, volatile matter, and agglomerating character) differ greatly from those of vitrinite in the same coal. Often, such coals can be recognized by megascopic examination. In North America, these coals are mostly nonbanded varieties that contain only a small proportion of vitrain and consist mainly of attrital materials. The degree of metamorphism of nonbanded and other vitrinite-poor coals can be estimated by determining the classification properties of isolated or concentrated vitrinite fractions, or by determining the reflectance of the vitrinite (see Test Method D2798 and Appendix X1 of this classification). However, in the use of these vitrinite-poor coals, some properties normally associated with rank, such as rheology, combustibility, hardness, and grindability (as well as the rank determining properties) may differ substantially from those of vitrinite-rich coals of the same degree of metamorphism. 1.3 The accuracy of the classification of impure coal may be impaired by the effect of large amounts of mineral matter on the determination of volatile matter and calorific value, and on their calculation to the mineral-matter-free basis. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.4.1 Exception—The values stated in British thermal units per pound (Btu/lb) are to be regarded as the standard. The SI equivalents of Btu/lb are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Abstract
Overview
ASTM D388-23: Standard Classification of Coals by Rank is an internationally recognized standard developed by ASTM International for the classification and ranking of coals based on their degree of metamorphism-from lignite (low rank) to anthracite (high rank). This classification system is essential for industries relying on coal as it provides a uniform method of assessing coal properties primarily through fixed carbon content and gross calorific value, both calculated on a mineral-matter-free basis. The standard is applicable to coals mainly composed of vitrinite, making it an indispensable reference for coal quality assessment, mining, energy production, and coal utilization sectors.
Key Topics
- Coal Rank Determination: The standard classifies coals by analyzing their degree of metamorphism, reflecting the progressive alteration coal undergoes naturally. The major ranks are lignite, subbituminous, bituminous, and anthracitic.
- Classification Criteria: Rank determination primarily uses:
- Fixed carbon (FC) content on a dry, mineral-matter-free basis for higher-rank coals.
- Gross calorific value (GCV) on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis for lower-rank coals.
- Agglomerating character is also considered for certain coal groups.
- Analytical Methods: The document references standardized test methods for measuring parameters like moisture, ash, sulfur content, and calorific value, ensuring data reliability.
- Application Scope: The standard is most suitable for coals rich in vitrinite. Coals containing significant inertinite or liptinite cannot be accurately ranked using this system.
- Basis of Calculation: Fixed carbon and calorific value are adjusted using equations that factor out mineral matter, ensuring results reflect the actual carbonaceous material in the coal.
Applications
The ASTM D388-23 standard has wide practical value in various sectors that rely on coal classification:
- Mining: Facilitates planning, mining strategies, and valuation by providing a clear classification system.
- Coal Sampling and Preparation: Guides the uniform collection, handling, and analysis of samples for consistent classification results.
- Energy Generation: Power plants and energy providers use coal rank to select appropriate fuels based on calorific value, combustion characteristics, and efficiency.
- Industrial Processes: Industries such as metallurgy and cement require specific coal types for processes like coke production and clinker formation.
- Coal Trade and Marketing: Buyers and sellers use the ranking to communicate and negotiate coal quality, ensuring transparent transactions.
- Environmental Assessment: Understanding coal rank aids in predicting emissions, by-products, and compliance with regulatory standards.
Related Standards
Several ASTM standards are referenced and related to coal analysis and classification:
- ASTM D121: Terminology of Coal and Coke
- ASTM D720/D720M: Free-Swelling Index of Coal
- ASTM D2013/D2013M: Preparing Coal Samples for Analysis
- ASTM D2798: Determination of Vitrinite Reflectance of Coal
- ASTM D3172, D3173/D3173M, D3174, D3175: Proximate Analysis and Determination of Moisture, Ash, and Volatile Matter
- ASTM D3302/D3302M: Total Moisture in Coal
- ASTM D5865: Gross Calorific Value of Coal and Coke
Utilizing ASTM D388-23 in conjunction with these related standards ensures comprehensive, accurate, and internationally recognized coal classification suitable for technical, commercial, and regulatory needs.
Keywords: ASTM D388, coal classification, coal rank, fixed carbon, gross calorific value, lignite, subbituminous, bituminous, anthracite, vitrinite, coal sampling, coal analysis, ASTM standards, energy generation, mining.
Технические детали
- Технический комитет
- D05 - Coal and Coke
- SKU
- ASTM D388-23
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