ASTM D6230-21e1 PDF
Standard Practices for Monitoring Earth or Structural Movement Using Inclinometers
Standard Practices for Monitoring Earth or Structural Movement Using Inclinometers
- Статус документа:
- Действующий
- Формат:
- Электронный (PDF)
- Количество страниц:
- 11
- Дата публикации:
- 1 июня 2021 г.
- Издание:
- D6230
- ICS:
- 13.080.99
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 4.1 An inclinometer is a deformation monitoring system, which uses a grooved pipe or casing with internal longitudinal grooves aligned with the anticipated direction of movement, installed in either a soil/rock mass or a geotechnical structural element. The inclinometer casing can be surveyed with a single traversing probe or with an array of in-place inclinometer (IPI) gauges connected to a data logger. The measurement and calculation of deformation normal to the axis of the inclinometer casing is done by passing a probe along the length of this pipe or placement of a sensor array, guided by the internal grooves. The probe or sensor array measures the inclination of the pipe, usually in two orthogonal directions 90° apart (X- and Y-direction) with respect to the axis of the casing (Z-direction, usually the line of gravity). Measurements are converted to distances using trigonometric functions. Successive surveys compared with an initial survey give differences in position and indicate deformation normal to the axis of the inclinometer casing. In most cases the inclinometer casing is installed in a near-vertical hole, and the measurements indicate subsurface horizontal deformation. In some cases, the inclinometer casing is installed horizontally, and the measurements indicate vertical deformation. 4.2 Inclinometers are also called slope inclinometers or slope indicators. Typical applications include measuring the rate and direction of landslide movement and locating the zone of shearing, monitoring the magnitude and rate of horizontal movements for embankments and excavations, monitoring the settlement and lateral spread beneath tanks and embankments, and monitoring the deflection of bulkheads, piles or structural walls. Note 1: The precision of this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of... SCOPE 1.1 This standard covers the use of inclinometers to monitor the internal movement of ground, or lateral movement of subsurface structures. The standard covers types of instruments, installation procedures, operating procedures, and maintenance requirements. The standard also provides formulae for data reduction. 1.2 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026 unless superseded by this standard. 1.2.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected, recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design. 1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard. 1.4 This standard offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this standard may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s man...
Abstract
Overview
ASTM D6230-21e1: Standard Practices for Monitoring Earth or Structural Movement Using Inclinometers is an internationally recognized ASTM standard developed to guide geotechnical, civil, and structural engineers in measuring internal ground or subsurface structural movements. This standard outlines equipment types, installation, operation, and maintenance steps for inclinometer systems, which are deformation monitoring devices. It covers both probe-based and fixed-array inclinometer methods, ensuring accurate monitoring of ground or structural movement for applications such as landslide assessment, embankment stability, and monitoring of retaining walls or deep foundations. This standard is aligned with global best practices, providing consistency and reliability in earth movement monitoring.
Key Topics
- Inclinometer Systems: Details the use of inclinometers, which consist of grooved casing and sensitive probes or fixed sensor arrays, to monitor deformation normal to the casing axis in soil, rock masses, or structural elements.
- Measurement Directions: Measurements are typically taken in two orthogonal directions (X-Y), allowing detection of movement in both horizontal and vertical alignments depending on casing installation.
- Installation Procedures: Specifies procedures for casing installation in both vertical and horizontal orientations, including borehole preparation, casing alignment, and appropriate selection of casing and backfill materials.
- Data Collection and Calculation: Offers industry-standard guidelines for measuring, calculating, and reporting deformation using inclinometer readings, including guidance on significant digits and data accuracy.
- System Verification and Maintenance: Stresses the importance of equipment calibration, system checks, and regular maintenance for reliable long-term data collection.
- Reporting Requirements: Requires proper documentation, including displacement versus depth tables and plots, and provides recommendations for diagnostic visualizations to ensure data quality.
- Safety and Units: Emphasizes adherence to appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices. SI units are the reference standard, with inch-pound units provided for reference.
Applications
ASTM D6230-21e1 is essential in a wide range of geotechnical and structural monitoring applications, including:
- Landslide Monitoring: Tracks movement rates and detects zones of shear for landslide-prone areas.
- Embankment and Excavation Monitoring: Measures lateral deformations to verify the stability of soil or rock masses during construction or over time.
- Settlement Analysis: Monitors settlement and lateral spreading beneath tanks, embankments, or other heavy structures.
- Structural Wall Deflection: Assesses movement and potential failure in bulkheads, piles, diaphragm walls, and other support systems.
- Engineering Design Validation: Provides critical data to inform, validate, and adjust engineering designs and construction methodologies.
- Infrastructure Safety: Enables long-term monitoring for continued safety and performance assurance of civil infrastructure.
Related Standards
- ASTM D653 – Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
- ASTM D3740 – Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
- ASTM D3966/D3966M – Test Methods for Deep Foundations Under Lateral Load
- ASTM D6026 – Practice for Using Significant Digits and Data Records in Geotechnical Data
- ASTM D7299 – Practice for Verifying Performance of a Vertical Inclinometer Probe
These related standards collectively support the accurate and standardized use of inclinometers in geotechnical and structural applications, ensuring reliable monitoring and risk mitigation in projects involving earth movement or structural deformation.
Keywords: ASTM D6230-21e1, inclinometer, deformation monitoring, earth movement, structural monitoring, geotechnical instrumentation, landslide monitoring, embankment stability, horizontal displacement, vertical deformation, subsurface movement, infrastructure safety.
Технические детали
- Технический комитет
- D18 - Soil and Rock
- SKU
- ASTM D6230-21e1
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