ASTM D7348-21 PDF
Standard Test Methods for Loss on Ignition (LOI) of Solid Combustion Residues
Standard Test Methods for Loss on Ignition (LOI) of Solid Combustion Residues
- Статус документа:
- Действующий
- Формат:
- Электронный (PDF)
- Количество страниц:
- 7
- Дата публикации:
- 1 октября 2021 г.
- Издание:
- D7348
- ICS:
- 27.020
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1 LOI refers to the mass loss of a combustion residue whenever it is heated in an air or oxygen atmosphere to high temperatures. In the cement industry, use of the term LOI normally refers to a mass loss in a sample heated to 950 °C. To combustion engineers, the term LOI normally refers to mass losses in samples heated to temperatures normally less than 950 °C. These test methods establish a procedure for determining LOI values for combustion residues heated to 750 °C or 950 °C. LOI values from these test methods can be used by industries that utilize combustion residues in various processes and products. 5.2 If the solid combustion residue is heated to estimate the combustible or unburned carbon in the sample, it has been shown that LOI and estimation of unburned carbon do not necessarily agree well with each other and that LOI should not be used as an estimate of unburned carbon in all combustion residues.4 Direct determination of unburned (combustible) carbon can be carried out using Test Method D6316. 5.3 If the solid combustion residue is heated to prepare an ash for the determination of the mass fractions of major and minor elements, use the heating procedure described in Test Methods D3682, D4326, and D6349, or the procedures for the 750 °C LOI determination described in these test methods (Method A). 5.4 If the solid combustion residue is heated to prepare an ash for the determination of the mass fractions of trace elements, use the heating procedure described in Test Methods D3683 and D6357. Note 1: Combustion residues produced in furnace operations or other combustion systems can differ from the ash yield, as determined in Test Methods D3174 and D7582, because combustion conditions influence the chemistry and amount of ash. Combustion causes an expulsion of all water, the loss of carbon dioxide from carbonates, the conversion of metal sulfides into metal oxides, metal sulfates and sulfur oxides, and other chemical reactions. Likewise, the “ash... SCOPE 1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the mass loss from solid combustion residues upon heating in an air or oxygen atmosphere to a prescribed temperature. The mass loss can be due to the loss of moisture, carbon, sulfur, and so forth, from the decomposition or combustion of the residue. 1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Abstract
Overview
ASTM D7348-21: Standard Test Methods for Loss on Ignition (LOI) of Solid Combustion Residues establishes procedures for determining the mass loss of solid residues following heating in an air or oxygen atmosphere. Loss on ignition (LOI) measures the amount of material volatilized-primarily moisture, carbon, and sulfur-when residues such as fly ash, bottom ash, or other combustion-generated solids are heated at elevated temperatures. This standard is vital for industries where combustion residues are reused, analyzed for composition, or assessed for processing suitability.
ASTM D7348-21 outlines test methods using heating at two principal temperatures-750 °C and 950 °C-enabling reproducible LOI measurement tailored to diverse industrial requirements including cement, power generation, and environmental monitoring.
Key Topics
- LOI Measurement: Assesses mass loss resulting from heating solid combustion residues. This mass loss corresponds to the evaporation of water, combustion of carbon, and decomposition of other volatile compounds.
- Test Procedures: Methods are provided for both single-step and two-step heating, utilizing either a macro thermogravimetric analyzer (macro TGA) or a muffle furnace. Typically, the residue is heated to 750 °C (Method A) or 950 °C (Method B).
- Significance of LOI:
- In the cement industry, LOI typically refers to material lost at 950 °C, reflecting the presence of volatile compounds and unburned carbon in raw materials.
- For combustion engineers and other applications, 750 °C is often preferred.
- Distinct Measurement: LOI is not always equivalent to unburned carbon content. For direct unburned carbon determination, ASTM D6316 should be used.
- Precision and Reproducibility: The standard details repeatability and reproducibility metrics, providing confidence in inter-laboratory and intra-laboratory comparability as outlined in comprehensive tables.
- Safety and Compliance: Users must implement appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices, and ensure compliance with regulatory requirements.
Applications
- Cement and Concrete Production: Determines the suitability of fly ash and other residues for use as supplementary cementitious materials by quantifying organic and volatile impurities.
- Power Generation: Assesses the quality of coal combustion by-products, helps monitor efficiency, and tracks changes in residue composition due to fuel or operational adjustments.
- Environmental Monitoring and Waste Management: Provides data for regulatory reporting and environmental impact assessments by quantifying loss on ignition in incinerator by-products, bottom ash, and landfill residues.
- Research and Quality Control: Assists laboratories in establishing material baselines, monitoring changes in process residues, and supporting consistent manufacturing practices.
Related Standards
- ASTM D121: Terminology of Coal and Coke
- ASTM D3174: Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke from Coal
- ASTM D3180: Practice for Calculating Coal and Coke Analyses
- ASTM D3682/D4326/D6349: Methods for major and minor elements in combustion residues and coal ash
- ASTM D3683/D6357: Methods for trace elements in coal and combustion residues
- ASTM D6316: Test Method for Determination of Total, Combustible, and Carbonate Carbon in Solid Residues
- ASTM D7582: Test Methods for Proximate Analysis of Coal and Coke by Macro Thermogravimetric Analysis
- ASTM D8146: Guide for Evaluating Test Method Capability and Fitness for Use
Practical Value
By using ASTM D7348-21, laboratories and industry professionals can:
- Achieve consistent, comparable LOI results across different samples and facilities
- Support regulatory compliance and environmental stewardship
- Optimize processes that depend on the reliable characterization of combustion residues
- Improve materials selection and product quality in cement and construction industries
Keywords: ASTM D7348, loss on ignition, LOI, solid combustion residues, coal ash, fly ash analysis, cement industry, macro TGA, muffle furnace, ASTM standards, environmental monitoring, waste management.
Технические детали
- Технический комитет
- D05 - Coal and Coke
- SKU
- ASTM D7348-21
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