ASTM E228-22 PDF
Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer
Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer
- Статус документа:
- Действующий
- Формат:
- Электронный (PDF)
- Количество страниц:
- 10
- Дата публикации:
- 1 декабря 2022 г.
- Издание:
- E228
- ICS:
- 77.040.99
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1 Coefficients of linear thermal expansion are required for design purposes and are used, for example, to determine dimensional behavior of structures subject to temperature changes, or thermal stresses that can occur and cause failure of a solid artifact composed of different materials when it is subjected to a temperature excursion. 5.2 This test method is a reliable method of determining the linear thermal expansion of solid materials. 5.3 For accurate determinations of thermal expansion, it is absolutely necessary that the dilatometer be calibrated by using a reference material that has a known and reproducible thermal expansion. The appendix contains information relating to reference materials in current general use. 5.4 The measurement of thermal expansion involves two parameters: change of length and change of temperature, both of them equally important. Neglecting proper and accurate temperature measurement will inevitably result in increased uncertainties in the final data. 5.5 The test method can be used for research, development, specification acceptance, quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA). SCOPE 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the linear thermal expansion of rigid solid materials using push-rod dilatometers. This method is applicable over any practical temperature range where a device can be constructed to satisfy the performance requirements set forth in this standard. Note 1: Initially, this method was developed for vitreous silica dilatometers operating over a temperature range of –180 °C to 900 °C. The concepts and principles have been amply documented in the literature to be equally applicable for operating at higher temperatures. The precision and bias of these systems is believed to be of the same order as that for silica systems up to 900 °C. However, their precision and bias have not yet been established over the relevant total range of temperature due to the lack of well-characterized reference materials and the need for interlaboratory comparisons. 1.2 For this purpose, a rigid solid is defined as a material that, at test temperature and under the stresses imposed by instrumentation, has a negligible creep or elastic strain rate, or both, thus insignificantly affecting the precision of thermal-length change measurements. This includes, as examples, metals, ceramics, refractories, glasses, rocks and minerals, graphites, plastics, cements, cured mortars, woods, and a variety of composites. 1.3 The precision of this comparative test method is higher than that of other push-rod dilatometry techniques (for example, Test Method D696) and thermomechanical analysis (for example, Test Method E831) but is significantly lower than that of absolute methods such as interferometry (for example, Test Method E289). It is generally applicable to materials having absolute linear expansion coefficients exceeding 0.5 μm/(m·°C) for a 1000 °C range, and under special circumstances can be used for lower expansion materials when special precautions are used to ensure that the produced expansion of the specimen falls within the capabilities of the measuring system. In such cases, a sufficiently long specimen was found to meet the specification. 1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Or...
Abstract
Overview
ASTM E228-22: Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer is a key international standard developed by ASTM International. This test method specifies procedures for accurately determining the linear thermal expansion of rigid solid materials, such as metals, ceramics, glasses, plastics, and composites, using a push-rod dilatometer. Understanding the coefficient of linear thermal expansion is critical for material designers, engineers, and quality control specialists as it enables assessment of how materials will behave when subjected to temperature fluctuations, thereby influencing structural integrity, performance, and lifespan.
Key Topics
- Linear Thermal Expansion: The change in length per unit length of a material as a result of a temperature change, typically expressed as the coefficient of linear thermal expansion (α), is a fundamental property determined by this method.
- Push-Rod Dilatometer: The method uses a single- or dual-rod configuration to measure dimensional changes in the test specimen relative to a reference or the specimen holder, as temperature is increased or decreased.
- Calibration and Accuracy: Proper calibration using reference materials with well-known expansion properties is essential for reliable results. Accurate temperature measurements and careful experimental design minimize uncertainties.
- Applicable Materials: The standard is broadly applicable to rigid solids, including but not limited to: metals, ceramics, refractories, glasses, rocks, minerals, plastics, cements, cured mortars, wood, and composites.
- Precision and Bias: The method achieves higher precision than alternative push-rod techniques and most thermomechanical analysis methods. However, absolute measurement techniques, such as interferometry, offer greater precision.
Applications
- Design and Engineering: Knowing the thermal expansion coefficients aids in designing materials or components for environments with significant temperature variation. It helps prevent dimensional failures or thermal stresses in multi-material structures.
- Material Selection and Specification: Manufacturers and materials engineers use this test to compare and select appropriate materials for products exposed to temperature changes.
- Quality Control (QC) and Quality Assurance (QA): ASTM E228-22 supports routine QC/QA, ensuring consistency in thermal performance, especially in industries like aerospace, automotive, electronics, and construction.
- Research and Development: The test method assists in the development of new materials and verification of their thermal expansion properties against design requirements.
- Acceptance Testing: It provides an authoritative, repeatable means to verify material properties for acceptance in specification contracts.
Related Standards
Compliance with ASTM E228-22 often intersects with these related standards for thermal analysis and material property measurement:
- ASTM D696: Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion of Plastics Between –30°C and 30°C with a Vitreous Silica Dilatometer
- ASTM E289: Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Rigid Solids with Interferometry
- ASTM E831: Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials by Thermomechanical Analysis
- ASTM E220: Calibration of Thermocouples By Comparison Techniques
- ASTM E644: Testing Industrial Resistance Thermometers
- ASTM E230/E230M: Temperature-Electromotive Force Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
Practical Value
Implementing ASTM E228-22 ensures reliable, consistent measurement of linear thermal expansion, crucial for:
- Reducing failure risks due to thermal stresses or expansion mismatches
- Meeting regulatory and contractual requirements through standardized testing
- Improving product durability and performance in varying temperature conditions
Overall, adherence to ASTM E228-22 gives manufacturers, engineers, and researchers robust, internationally recognized guidance for evaluating the thermal dimensional stability of solid materials using push-rod dilatometry.
Технические детали
- Технический комитет
- E37 - Thermal Measurements
- SKU
- ASTM E228-22
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