ASTM G99-23 PDF
Standard Test Method for Wear and Friction Testing with a Pin-on-Disk or Ball-on-Disk Apparatus
Standard Test Method for Wear and Friction Testing with a Pin-on-Disk or Ball-on-Disk Apparatus
- Статус документа:
- Действующий
- Формат:
- Электронный (PDF)
- Количество страниц:
- 6
- Дата публикации:
- 1 ноября 2023 г.
- Издание:
- G99
- ICS:
- 17.040.20
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1 The amount of wear in any system will, in general, depend upon the number of system factors such as the applied load, machine characteristics, sliding speed, sliding distance, the environment, and the material properties. The value of any wear test method lies in predicting the relative ranking of material combinations. Since the pin-on-disk test method does not attempt to duplicate all the conditions that may be experienced in service (for example, lubrication, load, pressure, contact geometry, removal of wear debris, and presence of corrosive environment), there is no insurance that the test will predict the wear rate of a given material under conditions differing from those in the test. 5.2 The use of this test method will fall in one of two categories: (1) the test(s) will follow all particulars of the standard, and the results will have been compared to the ILS data (Table 2), or (2) the test(s) will have followed the procedures/methodology of Test Method G99 but applied to other materials or using other parameters such as load, speed, materials, etc., or both. In this latter case, the results cannot be compared to the ILS data (Table 2). Further, it must be clearly stated what choices of test parameters/materials were chosen. SCOPE 1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure for determining the wear of materials and friction during sliding using a pin-on-disk apparatus. Materials are tested in pairs under nominally non-abrasive conditions. The principal areas of experimental attention in using this type of apparatus to measure wear are described. 1.2 This test method standard uses a specific set of test parameters (load, sliding speed, materials, etc.) that were then used in an interlaboratory study (ILS), the results of which are given here (Tables 1 and 2). (This satisfies the ASTM form in that “The directions for performing the test should include all of the essential details as to apparatus, test specimen, procedure, and calculations needed to achieve satisfactory precision and bias.”) Any user should report that they “followed the requirements of ASTM G99,” where that is true. 1.3 Now it is often found in practice that users may follow all instructions given here, but choose other test parameters, such as load, speed, materials, environment, etc., and thereby obtain different test results. Such a use of this standard is encouraged as a means to improve wear testing methodology. However, it must be clearly stated in any report that, while the directions and protocol in Test Method G99 were followed (if true), the choices of test parameters were different from Test Method G99 values, and the test results were therefore also different from the Test Method G99 results. This use should be described as having “followed the procedure of ASTM G99.” All test parameters that were used in such case must be stated. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Abstract
Overview
ASTM G99-23: Standard Test Method for Wear and Friction Testing with a Pin-on-Disk or Ball-on-Disk Apparatus provides a widely recognized laboratory procedure to determine the wear and friction characteristics of material pairs under sliding contact. Using a pin-on-disk or ball-on-disk configuration, this standardized method helps researchers, engineers, and manufacturers evaluate the relative performance of materials under controlled, reproducible, and nominally non-abrasive conditions.
The primary value of ASTM G99-23 is in ranking material combinations for wear resistance and friction behavior, contributing to better material selection and product formulation in applications where sliding contact occurs. Results help guide decisions in product design, quality assurance, and research and development.
Key Topics
- Test Method Principles: The standard outlines a procedure using either a pin or ball pressed against a rotating disk under controlled load, speed, and environment to measure material wear and friction coefficient.
- Test Parameters: Critical variables include applied load, sliding speed, sliding distance, contact geometry, environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, atmosphere), and material properties such as hardness and composition.
- Assessment Metrics: Wear is typically reported as volume loss (in cubic millimetres) for both pin/ball and disk, while the friction coefficient is measured and reported to assess frictional performance during the test.
- Comparability and Flexibility: Users may fully adhere to the standard test parameters, enabling comparison to established interlaboratory study (ILS) data, or adopt the procedures with modified parameters for broader material evaluation-with full disclosure of any deviations in reporting.
- Precision and Reproducibility: The method includes guidance on ensuring repeatability and statistical robustness, referencing interlaboratory test data for standard materials such as steel and alumina.
- Reporting Requirements: Full documentation of test conditions, material properties, surface finish, specimen preparation, and any deviations from the standard parameters is required for transparency and comparability.
Applications
ASTM G99 is used across industries to:
- Evaluate Material Combinations: Assess metals, ceramics, polymers, or composites for comparative wear resistance and friction properties.
- Aid Product Development: Guide the selection of bearing materials, coatings, lubricants, and contact surfaces in automotive, aerospace, medical devices, and industrial machinery.
- Quality Control: Ensure material consistency and performance in high-wear applications.
- Academic and Industrial Research: Establish baseline data on wear and friction for new materials or processes under controlled laboratory conditions.
- Specification Compliance: Demonstrate compliance with procurement or regulatory requirements for wear resistance.
The versatility of the pin-on-disk and ball-on-disk wear testing approach makes ASTM G99 particularly valuable for both routine material screening and advanced tribological research.
Related Standards
- ASTM E178: Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations-statistical guidance for handling test data.
- ASTM G40: Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion-provides definitions for terms used.
- ASTM G115: Guide for Measuring and Reporting Friction Coefficients-supplements friction measurement methodology.
- ASTM G117: Guide for Calculating and Reporting Measures of Precision Using Data from Interlaboratory Wear or Erosion Tests.
- DIN 50324: Testing of Friction and Wear-comparable international guidance for friction and wear testing.
Keywords: ASTM G99, wear test, friction test, pin-on-disk, ball-on-disk, materials testing, tribology, wear resistance, friction coefficient, laboratory procedure, material ranking, standard test method.
Технические детали
- Технический комитет
- G02 - Wear and Erosion
- SKU
- ASTM G99-23
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