ISO 27875:2026

Overview

ISO 27875:2026 – Space systems: Re-entry risk management for uncrewed spacecraft and launch vehicle orbital stages is an international standard focused on risk assessment and mitigation related to the re-entry of uncrewed space vehicles. Developed by ISO, this standard provides a comprehensive framework to evaluate, manage, and reduce the hazards that spacecraft and launch vehicle stages pose to humans and the environment upon atmospheric re-entry-whether controlled or uncontrolled.

This standard applies to missions involving inevitable re-entry events, covering objects such as satellite components, orbital stages, and interplanetary spacecraft returning to Earth. Purpose-built for organizations in the space sector, ISO 27875:2026 aims to ensure the highest safety levels through systematic planning, design, and safety management processes. The standard does not cover systems designed for targeted landings using wings or systems primarily focused on radioactive material safety, assuming these are handled at the initial mission planning stage.

Key Topics

• Re-entry Risk Management
  ISO 27875:2026 outlines a structured risk management process, including establishing a re-entry safety program and oversight by designated safety representatives. Risk management must be integrated throughout the mission lifecycle and be regularly updated.

• Re-entry Risk Assessment and Mitigation Plan (RRAMP)
  A core requirement is the preparation and continuous revision of a RRAMP, which details risk assessment procedures, design reviews, and mitigation activities.

• Controlled and Uncontrolled Re-entry
  The standard distinguishes between controlled re-entry (where impact location is managed) and uncontrolled re-entry (where debris may fall unpredictably). Assessment methods and risk thresholds differ accordingly.

• Risk Estimation and Analysis Tools
  The standard details processes to estimate the expected number of casualties, incorporating parameters such as casualty area, orbital inclination, and global population data. Analytical methods, such as the lumped mass approach, and the use of detailed Earth and atmospheric models are recommended.

• Addressing Specific Hazards
  Beyond casualty estimates, ISO 27875:2026 requires evaluation of risks from hazardous materials (radioactive substances, floating objects, explosive fragments, and chemical substances) and the implementation of associated mitigation designs.

• Risk Reduction and Planning
  Included are procedures for reviewing design measures, planning controlled re-entry paths, implementing corrective actions, and ensuring emergency and post-re-entry protocols.

Applications

Implementing ISO 27875:2026 is essential for:

• Satellite Operators and Launch Providers:
  Ensuring compliance with international liability and national regulations for space object re-entry, reducing potential legal and environmental risks.

• Mission Planners and Spacecraft Designers:
  Integrating risk mitigation strategies early in the mission lifecycle, improving design reviews, and setting robust operational protocols for both controlled and uncontrolled re-entries.

• Regulatory Compliance:
  Aligning with national and international standards (including ISO 14620-1 and ISO 17666) for safe disposal of space vehicles, thus supporting responsible and sustainable space operations.

• Environmental and Public Safety Agencies:
  Assessing space debris impact and preparing public safety notifications and contingency planning based on robust, internationally-recognized assessment methods.

Related Standards

Organizations deploying ISO 27875:2026 for space vehicle re-entry risk management should also consider:

• ISO 14620-1: Space systems – Safety requirements – Part 1: System safety
  Provides foundational safety requirements for space systems.

• ISO 17666:2025: Space systems – Programme management – Risk management
  Offers a broader risk management framework applicable across space project phases.

• ISO 24113: Space systems – Space debris mitigation requirements
  Focuses on preventing the creation of space debris and further supports safe re-entry practices.

• ISO 23020: Testing methods for break-up models (referenced for material property assessment).

Adhering to ISO 27875:2026 helps mitigate the risks associated with atmospheric re-entry of uncrewed space vehicles, ensuring mission safety, environmental protection, and regulatory compliance. This standard enables space industry stakeholders to systematically manage re-entry risks, contributing to safer and more sustainable space activities.