ISO/TR 11018:1997

Overview

ISO/TR 11018:1997 provides general guidance on the determination of flashpoint for essential oils, a crucial parameter due to their flammable nature. Published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), this technical report addresses the challenges and considerations in selecting appropriate flashpoint testing methods for a diverse range of essential oils. While it does not prescribe a single standardized testing method, it offers practical advice to laboratories and safety personnel involved in handling, transporting, and storing essential oils.

Understanding the flashpoint of essential oils is vital for maintaining safety standards in industrial processes, insurance assessments, and inventory management, ensuring compliance with regulatory and safety requirements related to flammable liquids.

Key Topics

• Flashpoint Definition: The temperature at which essential oil vapors form an ignitable mixture with air under defined test conditions and pressure (101.325 kPa).

• Challenges in Standardization:

  • Essential oils vary widely in chemical composition.
  • Sample volume requirements of some apparatus may be incompatible with high-value oils.
  • Multiple acceptable testing devices exist, making a single global method impractical.

• Recommended Approach:

  • Selection of suitable testing apparatus and method tailored to the specific essential oil.
  • Inclusion of indicative average flashpoint values in respective essential oil standards.
  • Providing a comprehensive guide to existing flashpoint determination methods.

• Types of Flashpoint Testing Methods:

  • Closed cup methods:
    • Abel and Abel-Pensky apparatus (without agitation) for temperatures below ~65 °C.
    • Pensky-Martens apparatus (with agitation) for temperatures above ~50 °C.
    • SetaFlash apparatus (without agitation) suitable between ambient temperature and 110 °C.
    • Luchaire apparatus (with agitation) for ambient to 150 °C.
  • Equilibrium vs Non-equilibrium methods: Various ISO and national standards describing these methods.

• Comparison of Standards: Cross-references to international and national flashpoint test standards such as ISO 1516, ISO 2719, ASTM D93, EN 57, BS EN 22719, DIN 51755, and others facilitate harmonized testing and reporting.

• Testing Procedure Recommendations:

  • Follow apparatus manufacturer instructions.
  • Prepare samples according to ISO 356:1977 for essential oils.
  • Report detailed test information, including method variants and anomalies.

Applications

• Safety Management: Organizations transporting or storing essential oils use flashpoint data to assess fire hazards and implement preventive measures.

• Regulatory Compliance: Adheres to international safety regulations governing flammable liquids, including guidelines referenced by European Union directives.

• Quality Control Laboratories: Enables laboratories to select appropriate flashpoint testing equipment and methods according to oil type and temperature range.

• Insurance and Risk Assessment: Accurate flashpoint data assists insurers and safety officers in evaluating risks related to essential oil handling.

• Product Specification Development: Essential oil product standards incorporate indicative flashpoint values for safety labeling and handling instructions.

Related Standards

ISO/TR 11018:1997 references numerous complementary standards for flashpoint determination relevant to essential oils and related flammable products:

• ISO Standards:

  • ISO 1516:1981 – Flashpoint by closed cup equilibrium method.
  • ISO 2719:1988 – Pensky-Martens closed cup method.
  • ISO 3679:1983 and ISO 3680:1983 – Rapid closed cup equilibrium methods.
  • ISO 1523:1983 – Flashpoint determination in closed cup.

• European and National Standards:

  • EN 57:1984 – Abel-Pensky closed cup method.
  • BS EN 22719:1994 – Pensky-Martens closed cup.
  • DIN 51755 and DIN 51758 – Closed cup methods according to technical German standards.
  • NF M 07 series – French standards on closed cup flashpoint methods.

• ASTM Standards:

  • ASTM D56 – Tag closed tester method.
  • ASTM D93 – Pensky-Martens closed tester.
  • ASTM D3278 – SetaFlash closed cup apparatus.

• Additional References:

  • Institute of Petroleum (IP) Methods such as IP 34/85 and IP 170/81.

These references provide validated methodologies relevant for different flashpoint ranges, sample volumes, and product viscosities, supporting versatile testing environments for essential oils.

By offering a comprehensive overview and comparative guidance rather than a prescriptive single method, ISO/TR 11018:1997 ensures that flashpoint testing of essential oils remains flexible, accurate, and aligned with safety priorities. This approach helps stakeholders select the most suitable testing techniques according to product characteristics and regulatory frameworks, contributing to safer handling and storage of essential oils worldwide.