Overview
ISO/TS 23359:2025 - Nanotechnologies - Chemical characterization of graphene-related two-dimensional materials from powders and liquid dispersions specifies standardized methods for chemical characterization of graphene-related two-dimensional materials (GR2M). The technical specification defines procedures for sample preparation, instrument setup, measurement protocols and data analysis for powders and liquid dispersions. It targets reliable determination of elemental composition, oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratio, trace metal impurities, weight percentage of chemical species and functional groups using four complementary techniques: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‑MS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
Key Topics
- Scope and sample types: powders and liquid dispersions containing GR2M (graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene nanoplatelets and functionalized variants).
- Measurement techniques:
- XPS: surface elemental analysis (all elements except H and He) up to ~10 nm depth; quantitative surface composition and O/C ratio.
- TGA: bulk mass-loss profiling to identify moisture, organics, functional groups, amorphous carbon and residues (metals, oxides); procedures for crucible prep and data plotting.
- ICP‑MS: sensitive detection of trace metal impurities; requires complete sample digestion (acid/microwave) prior to analysis.
- FTIR: identification of functional groups and chemical species complementary to elemental techniques.
- Protocols: sample preparation, instrument calibration and performance checks, measurement sequences, quantitative analysis and reporting requirements.
- Reproducibility: annexes summarize interlaboratory and mini-interlaboratory studies supporting method reliability.
Applications
ISO/TS 23359:2025 is practical for:
- Producers and manufacturers for quality control and batch verification of GR2M raw materials and products.
- Analytical and research laboratories performing material characterization, R&D and method validation.
- Product developers (composites, energy storage, sensors, flexible electronics, coatings) needing the right GR2M variant selected by chemical signature.
- Supply-chain and regulatory stakeholders who require standardized reporting of elemental composition, O/C ratio, trace metals and functional groups to ensure material suitability and safety.
Related Standards
Normative references cited include: ISO 15472, ISO 16129, ISO 18115-1, ISO 20903, ISO 21270, ISO 24237, and nanotechnology vocabularies ISO 80004-1, ISO/TS 80004-6, ISO/TS 80004-13. These provide complementary guidance on XPS calibration, terminology and performance assessment.
Keywords: ISO/TS 23359:2025, graphene characterization, GR2M, XPS, TGA, ICP‑MS, FTIR, O/C ratio, trace metal impurities, sample preparation, data analysis, nanotechnologies standard.