ISO 11016:1999 PDF

Overview

ISO 11016:1999 specifies the international standard for Oil of Star Anise, Chinese type (Illicium verum Hook. f.). This essential oil is primarily obtained by steam distillation of the fruit and leaves of the Illicium verum plant, mainly cultivated in South China. ISO 11016:1999 provides detailed quality assessment criteria, including physical properties and chromatographic profiles, to ensure consistent product quality and to facilitate trade and quality control in essential oils.

This standard was developed by ISO Technical Committee ISO/TC 54, which focuses on essential oils. It defines key characteristics related to appearance, color, odor, density, refractive index, optical rotation, miscibility, freezing point, and chemical composition. These parameters help manufacturers, laboratories, and regulatory authorities maintain reliable standards for Chinese type star anise oil.

Key Topics

• Physical Characteristics

  • Appearance: Clear liquid or crystalline mass
  • Color: Colorless to light yellow (liquid state)
  • Odor: Characteristic, reminiscent of anethole
  • Relative Density at 20 °C: 0.979 to 0.985
  • Refractive Index at 20 °C: 1.5530 to 1.5560
  • Optical Rotation at 20 °C: Between –2° to +2°
  • Miscibility in Ethanol (90% volume fraction): Fully miscible
  • Freezing Point: Minimum +15 °C

• Chromatographic Profile Gas chromatography is used to analyze and verify the composition of star anise oil. The standard identifies the minimum and maximum proportions of key constituents:

  • trans-Anethole: 86% to 93% (primary compound)
  • Methylchavicol: 0.6% to 6%
  • Limonene: 0.2% to 6%
  • Linalool: 0.2% to 2.5%
  • Other minor components include α-Pinene, α-Phellandrene, α-Terpineol, cis-Anethole, and β-Caryophyllene, among others.

• Flashpoint For safety and transportation, ISO 11016 informs a mean flashpoint of +96 °C (measured by Abel-Pensky apparatus). This value helps in managing flammable risk aspects of essential oil handling.

• Sampling and Testing The standard references ISO 212 for sampling essential oils and details test methods aligned with other ISO standards such as ISO 279 for density, ISO 280 for refractive index, and ISO 11024 parts 1 and 2 for chromatographic profiling.

Applications

• Quality Control in Essential Oil Production ISO 11016 provides manufacturers and quality laboratories clear guidelines to ensure the authenticity and purity of Chinese star anise oil by assessing critical physical and chemical traits.

• Regulatory Compliance and Trade By standardizing testing methods and quality parameters, this standard facilitates international trade, regulatory inspections, and certification processes.

• Product Development and Safety Assessment Cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries that use star anise oil as an ingredient benefit from standardized quality characteristics and safety data like flashpoint information to design safer products.

• Scientific Research and Analysis Researchers working on essential oils can use the chromatographic profile and physical properties specified as benchmarks for their studies or product development.

Related Standards

• ISO 11024-1 & ISO 11024-2 - Guidelines for preparation and utilization of chromatographic profiles of essential oils
• ISO 212 - Sampling of essential oils
• ISO 279 - Determination of relative density of essential oils
• ISO 280 - Determination of refractive index
• ISO 592 - Determination of optical rotation
• ISO 875 - Evaluation of miscibility in ethanol
• ISO 1041 - Determination of freezing point
• ISO/TR 210 and ISO/TR 211 - Packaging, labeling, conditioning, and storage of essential oils
• ISO/TR 11018 - Guidance on determination of flashpoint of essential oils

Keywords: ISO 11016, oil of star anise, Chinese type, Illicium verum, essential oil standard, quality assessment, chromatographic profile, physical properties, flashpoint, essential oil testing, international standards, essential oil safety, ISO essential oils, trans-anethole.