ISO/TR 26946:2011 PDF

Name: ISO/TR 26946:2011 — Standard method for porosity measurement of thermally sprayed coatings
SKU: ISO/TR 26946:2011
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Standard method for porosity measurement of thermally sprayed coatings

Название (английский):

ISO/TR 26946:2011

Standard method for porosity measurement of thermally sprayed coatings

Статус документа:: Действующий
Формат:: Электронный (PDF)
Количество страниц:: 19
Дата публикации:: 15 ноября 2011 г.
Издание:: ISO TR 26946 edition 1 version 1
ICS:: 25.220.20

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Описание (английский):

ISO/TR 26946:2011 describes a method for characterizing the porosity of thermally sprayed coatings by metallographical examination. This method is particularly applicable to oxide coatings, such as Al2O3, ZrO2 and TiO2, produced by plasma spray. It also considers the purposes to test the size, shape and density of pores for thermally sprayed coatings.

Abstract

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Другие стандарты ISO

Overview

ISO/TR 26946:2011 defines a standard, metallography-based method for measuring porosity in thermally sprayed coatings. Published as an ISO Technical Report, it is primarily aimed at oxide ceramic coatings produced by plasma spray - notably Al2O3, ZrO2 and TiO2. The document describes how to prepare cross-sections, acquire microscopic images and use image analysis to quantify pore size, shape and volumetric porosity for quality assurance and comparative studies.

Key topics and requirements

Scope & purpose: Establishes a reproducible procedure for porosity characterization as part of coating quality control and for reporting porosity results consistently.

Porosity classification: Defines closed pores, open pores and micropores; treats microcracks and pores collectively based on aspect ratio.

Principle: Porosity is measured from high-quality cross-sectional images (light microscope or preferably SEM) and quantified by image analysis.

Apparatus:

Sectioning tools (cut-off wheels, diamond wire, or water-jet)
Ultrasonic cleaning equipment
Mounting and impregnation materials (cold-mount epoxies, vacuum/pressure impregnation)
Grinding/polishing equipment (semi-automatic/automatic recommended)
SEM (recommended) or optical microscope; computer with image-analysis software

Metallographic preparation:

Sectioning guidance (minimize damage; sample length > 1 cm; at least five specimens from different positions)
Cleaning (soap/water, solvents, ultrasonic; vacuum steps for impregnation)
Mounting: electroless nickel plating or sputtering, choice of epoxy viscosity and hardness to improve edge retention
Grinding/polishing: staged abrasive sequence (diamond down to 1 μm, alumina to 0.3 μm and optional colloidal silica) and control of pressure, speed, lubricant and time to avoid pullouts and artifacts
Pre-coating with a thin conductive film (10–20 nm carbon or gold) for SEM imaging

Imaging & analysis: SEM is strongly recommended; backscattered electron imaging (BEI) is useful when pullouts are absent. Number of fields and magnification should match pore size distribution and desired accuracy.

Reporting: Standardized presentation of porosity values and test conditions; annex includes round-robin results and guidance.

Applications and users

ISO/TR 26946:2011 is used by:

Coating engineers and metallographers performing porosity characterization of thermal-spray coatings

Quality assurance and failure-analysis laboratories in aerospace, power generation, automotive and industrial manufacturing

Material scientists and researchers conducting comparative studies or method validation (round-robin testing guidance included)

Practical uses include process control for plasma spray parameters, acceptance testing of functional coating areas, and evaluation of porosity-related performance (insulation, wear resistance, corrosion protection).

ISO/TR 26946:2011 PDF

Abstract

Похожие стандарты

Overview

Key topics and requirements

Applications and users

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